The Hong Kong Jockey Club Disaster Preparedness and Response Institute (HKJCDPRI) has been using innovative technologies and applications in providing a variety of training for emergency personnel and professionals.
On 10 July and 6 November 2020, the HKJCDPRI and the Hong Kong Fire Services Department (HKFSD) have jointly organized an Incident Command System (ICS) training for a total of 58 officers of the HKFSD at the Fire and Ambulance Services Academy.
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2020
13/11/2020
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
陳婉玲
根據香港政府統計處在2013年的統計調查[1]，殘疾人士與智障人士數目超過65萬人，隨著香港人口逐漸老化，估計現時人數已遞增了不少。殘疾人士包括視障、聽障、肢體傷殘、智障、器官殘障/長期病患、言語障礙、自閉症、精神病、注意力不足/過度活躍症及特殊學習困難人士，雖然他們有一些限制和缺陷，但也有自身能力及潛能，與其他市民一樣，是社區重要的成員及持份者。
由於年齡的增長，很多人或身邊的親友，也有可能出現一些因疾病而成為殘疾人士；而每個社區/樓宇或多或少也會有殘疾人士居住，在防災及日常生活的需要上與大家息息相關。要預防災難發生和及時應變，大家的參與及協作，至關重要。
在香港，常見的災害包括火災、颱風、暴雨致水浸或山泥傾瀉、傳染病等，其中尤以火災最防不勝防，且隨時有可能發生，故每個家庭及每個社區，都必須有防災準備及計劃，萬一發生緊急事故，在消防員還未到達時，已能安全逃生，減低生命和財物的損失。
其實我們每個人在社會上也擔當著多個不同的角色，在防災備災計劃上，可以做得更周全，大家互相幫助，社區便更為安全。以預防家居火災為例，除了做好個人/家庭層面的預防措施，包括正確使用電器、爐具及易燃物品、預備好逃生包(內有重要證件、財物、手提電話、藥物…) 等之外，我們在其他角色上也可以做多幾步，作出貢獻:
30/10/2020
In times of Sudden Onset Disaster (SOD), timely emergency medical services are crucial to the affected communities. Being seen as one of the most important approach in emergency situations, emergency medical teams have a long history of responding to SODs such as the Haiti earthquake, the Indian Ocean Tsunami and the floods in Pakistan.
30/10/2020
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
楊樂恩
2019冠狀病毒病在香港已持續近11個月。數據顯示，年齡較大或有慢性疾病的患者（例如高血壓、心肺疾病、糖尿病或癌症等），有較大機會出現嚴重情況[1]。除了以上風險因素外，居住環境都是其中一個提高感染風險的因素。例如居住在人口密集的分間樓宇單位（例如劏房或籠屋）裡，患上2019冠狀病毒病的風險可能較高。究竟有什麼因素會增加劏房住戶受感染的風險呢？
室內通風：分間樓宇單位一般缺乏窗戶，而且物件因空間有限，需要向高處堆放，有機會阻隔主要通風口而導致室內通風較差[2]，加上居民的生活及走動空間有限，病毒較易在住客間傳播[3]。
廚廁共用：統計處2016年《中期人口統計主題性報告》指出， 約30%的分間樓宇單位居民需要共用廚房，而約5%居民則需要共用厠所[4]。共用的廁所或廚房衛生環境通常較差[5]，加上地方狹小難以保持社交隔離，病毒傳播的風險因此增加。
社會經濟地位：統計處同一報告指出，分間樓宇單位居民的平均每月收入較全港住戶低(分別為$13,500及$25,000)[4]，購買口罩和洗手液等個人防護用品會為他們帶來更大的負擔[6]。
被邊緣化的群體：分間樓宇單位居民多為被邊緣化的群體，如新移民、少數族裔或獨居老人等，由於語言不通或渠道不足，較難接觸到防疫資訊和社區支援等[7]。
面對較高的感染風險，分間樓宇單位居民如何在資源有限的情況下，好好保護自己呢？大家可以參考以下貼士：
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2020
19/11/2020
The Hong Kong Jockey Club Disaster Preparedness and Response Institute (HKJCDPRI) has been using innovative technologies and applications in providing a variety of training for emergency personnel and professionals.
On 10 July and 6 November 2020, the HKJCDPRI and the Hong Kong Fire Services Department (HKFSD) have jointly organized an Incident Command System (ICS) training for a total of 58 officers of the HKFSD at the Fire and Ambulance Services Academy.
The Hong Kong Jockey Club Disaster Preparedness and Response Institute (HKJCDPRI) has been using innovative technologies and applications in providing a variety of training for emergency personnel and professionals.
On 10 July and 6 November 2020, the HKJCDPRI and the Hong Kong Fire Services Department (HKFSD) have jointly organized an Incident Command System (ICS) training for a total of 58 officers of the HKFSD at the Fire and Ambulance Services Academy.
During the training, virtual reality (VR) technology in cooperation with the electronic ICS were used to simulate a major fire incident of an industrial building located in Wong Tai Sin. The fire incident was upgraded from No. 1 to No. 3 Alarm, the trainees had to play as the Incident Commanders to assess the evolving situations and deployed resources for firefighting and rescue operations.
Compared to table-top exercise in which the incident scenes cannot be visualized, the VR-based training provides an immersive experience for trainees to practise the skills in a safe and realistic environment. The high fidelity and interactive simulation have enriched the trainees’ training experience and allowed them to exercise effective communication and decision-making process.
A virtual reality scenario of an industrial building fire at Wong Tai Sin.
Use of virtual reality technology to simulate the situation inside the industrial building.
Trainees act as the Incident Commander to assess the situation and make decisions accordingly.
13/11/2020
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
陳婉玲
根據香港政府統計處在2013年的統計調查[1]，殘疾人士與智障人士數目超過65萬人，隨著香港人口逐漸老化，估計現時人數已遞增了不少。殘疾人士包括視障、聽障、肢體傷殘、智障、器官殘障/長期病患、言語障礙、自閉症、精神病、注意力不足/過度活躍症及特殊學習困難人士，雖然他們有一些限制和缺陷，但也有自身能力及潛能，與其他市民一樣，是社區重要的成員及持份者。
由於年齡的增長，很多人或身邊的親友，也有可能出現一些因疾病而成為殘疾人士；而每個社區/樓宇或多或少也會有殘疾人士居住，在防災及日常生活的需要上與大家息息相關。要預防災難發生和及時應變，大家的參與及協作，至關重要。
在香港，常見的災害包括火災、颱風、暴雨致水浸或山泥傾瀉、傳染病等，其中尤以火災最防不勝防，且隨時有可能發生，故每個家庭及每個社區，都必須有防災準備及計劃，萬一發生緊急事故，在消防員還未到達時，已能安全逃生，減低生命和財物的損失。
其實我們每個人在社會上也擔當著多個不同的角色，在防災備災計劃上，可以做得更周全，大家互相幫助，社區便更為安全。以預防家居火災為例，除了做好個人/家庭層面的預防措施，包括正確使用電器、爐具及易燃物品、預備好逃生包(內有重要證件、財物、手提電話、藥物…) 等之外，我們在其他角色上也可以做多幾步，作出貢獻:
陳婉玲
根據香港政府統計處在2013年的統計調查[1]，殘疾人士與智障人士數目超過65萬人，隨著香港人口逐漸老化，估計現時人數已遞增了不少。殘疾人士包括視障、聽障、肢體傷殘、智障、器官殘障/長期病患、言語障礙、自閉症、精神病、注意力不足/過度活躍症及特殊學習困難人士，雖然他們有一些限制和缺陷，但也有自身能力及潛能，與其他市民一樣，是社區重要的成員及持份者。
由於年齡的增長，很多人或身邊的親友，也有可能出現一些因疾病而成為殘疾人士；而每個社區/樓宇或多或少也會有殘疾人士居住，在防災及日常生活的需要上與大家息息相關。要預防災難發生和及時應變，大家的參與及協作，至關重要。
在香港，常見的災害包括火災、颱風、暴雨致水浸或山泥傾瀉、傳染病等，其中尤以火災最防不勝防，且隨時有可能發生，故每個家庭及每個社區，都必須有防災準備及計劃，萬一發生緊急事故，在消防員還未到達時，已能安全逃生，減低生命和財物的損失。
其實我們每個人在社會上也擔當著多個不同的角色，在防災備災計劃上，可以做得更周全，大家互相幫助，社區便更為安全。以預防家居火災為例，除了做好個人/家庭層面的預防措施，包括正確使用電器、爐具及易燃物品、預備好逃生包(內有重要證件、財物、手提電話、藥物…) 等之外，我們在其他角色上也可以做多幾步，作出貢獻:
- 住戶(包括殘疾人士): 主動與鄰居建立關係，守望相助，發生火災或緊急情況時，輔助有行動困難的鄰居一同撤離。
- 業主立案法團/物業管理公司成員: 訂立緊急事故應變計劃，並預先與住戶訂立緊急事故應變計劃，建立電話發佈訊息渠道(短訊/WhatsApp)予住戶，亦可為有特別需要的住戶建立關顧網絡，遇有火災或緊急事故時，能立刻發出訊息及致電通知住戶逃生，提高緊急撤離的效率。
社區的防災備災工作，除有賴政府部門做好相關工作、宣傳教育及救援計劃，以及非政府組織推廣防災教育工作外，市民理解殘疾人士的需要、大眾的防災態度及積極參與均非常重要，期望大家能共同攜手，構建更具包容性的安全社區，防備災難，保障生命。
參考資料：
[1] 2015年1月香港統計月刊, 香港政府統計處, 2015年1月
陳婉玲 (Elaine Chan)
曾於本港及海外從事災難管理及人道工作/項目多年，包括前線救災行動、災後重建、殘疾人士復康中心、備災減災、救災及醫療機構能力建設項目和相關人員培訓等，曾參與的災難項目包括地震、風災、水災、火災、傳染病爆發等。
30/10/2020
In times of Sudden Onset Disaster (SOD), timely emergency medical services are crucial to the affected communities. Being seen as one of the most important approach in emergency situations, emergency medical teams have a long history of responding to SODs such as the Haiti earthquake, the Indian Ocean Tsunami and the floods in Pakistan.
In times of Sudden Onset Disaster (SOD), timely emergency medical services are crucial to the affected communities. Being seen as one of the most important approach in emergency situations, emergency medical teams have a long history of responding to SODs such as the Haiti earthquake, the Indian Ocean Tsunami and the floods in Pakistan.
The World Health Organization has launched the Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) initiative, formerly known as Foreign Medical Teams (FMTs) initiative, to introduce a classification, minimums standards and a registration system for EMTs that may provide quality healthcare services arriving within the aftermath of a SOD. The initiative historically focused on trauma and surgical needs, but outbreaks in Africa (Ebola) and Asia (diphtheria) have shown that EMTs’ responses are also valuable in responses to outbreaks and other forms of emergency which exceed the capacity of the local health system. [1]
SODs like earthquakes could cause mass casualty, and the surge in the needs for healthcare services could evolve within days, if not hours. In the article titled “Decision Support Framework for Deployment of Emergency Medical Teams after Earthquakes”, Bartolucci et. al. has summarized the evolvement of health needs in earthquake situation and observed that emergency surgical conditions reduced by 50% within the first week after the onset of the earthquake. The number of trauma cases dropped to less than 10% after 15 days.
According to another report published by WHO and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in 2017, The Regulations and Management of International Emergency Medical Teams [2], the timing of deployment (the time that the EMT is ready to attend to its first patient) in most of the SODs was not recorded properly. The study summarized some available data of several recent emergency operations, and has shown that the timing of deployment could vary from 2 days to 18 days. Yet in an emergency, the healthcare needs on ground may have changed drastically after 18 days.
Bartolucci et. al. continued to summarize experts’ opinions with a Delphi study followed by literature search and created an evidence-based framework for EMT coordinators and decision makers. The framework targets to facilitate decisions making in the configuration and capacity of the EMT. It can also facilitate a better estimation on the potential needs on ground so that EMTs can provide a timelier and quality healthcare service to the affected communities.
The article and the decision-making framework are available in the link below:
Decision Support Framework for Deployment of Emergency Medical Teams after Earthquakes
Reference:
[1] Fact Sheet: Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs), World Health Organization, May 2019
[2] The Regulations and Management of International Emergency Medical Teams, World Health Organization (WHO) & International Federatio of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), June 2017
Elaine FONG
Manager (Professional and Knowledge Management)
Hong Kong Jockey Club Disaster Preparedness and Response Institute
*This article originates from a research funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust within the collaborative project “Training and Research Development for Emergency Medical Teams with reference to the WHO Global EMTs initiative, classification and standards” between the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI) and the Hong Kong Jockey Club Disaster Preparedness and Response Institute (HKJCDPRI)”.
30/10/2020
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
[This article is only available in Chinese.]
楊樂恩
2019冠狀病毒病在香港已持續近11個月。數據顯示，年齡較大或有慢性疾病的患者（例如高血壓、心肺疾病、糖尿病或癌症等），有較大機會出現嚴重情況[1]。除了以上風險因素外，居住環境都是其中一個提高感染風險的因素。例如居住在人口密集的分間樓宇單位（例如劏房或籠屋）裡，患上2019冠狀病毒病的風險可能較高。究竟有什麼因素會增加劏房住戶受感染的風險呢？
室內通風：分間樓宇單位一般缺乏窗戶，而且物件因空間有限，需要向高處堆放，有機會阻隔主要通風口而導致室內通風較差[2]，加上居民的生活及走動空間有限，病毒較易在住客間傳播[3]。
廚廁共用：統計處2016年《中期人口統計主題性報告》指出， 約30%的分間樓宇單位居民需要共用廚房，而約5%居民則需要共用厠所[4]。共用的廁所或廚房衛生環境通常較差[5]，加上地方狹小難以保持社交隔離，病毒傳播的風險因此增加。
社會經濟地位：統計處同一報告指出，分間樓宇單位居民的平均每月收入較全港住戶低(分別為$13,500及$25,000)[4]，購買口罩和洗手液等個人防護用品會為他們帶來更大的負擔[6]。
被邊緣化的群體：分間樓宇單位居民多為被邊緣化的群體，如新移民、少數族裔或獨居老人等，由於語言不通或渠道不足，較難接觸到防疫資訊和社區支援等[7]。
面對較高的感染風險，分間樓宇單位居民如何在資源有限的情況下，好好保護自己呢？大家可以參考以下貼士：
楊樂恩
2019冠狀病毒病在香港已持續近11個月。數據顯示，年齡較大或有慢性疾病的患者（例如高血壓、心肺疾病、糖尿病或癌症等），有較大機會出現嚴重情況[1]。除了以上風險因素外，居住環境都是其中一個提高感染風險的因素。例如居住在人口密集的分間樓宇單位（例如劏房或籠屋）裡，患上2019冠狀病毒病的風險可能較高。究竟有什麼因素會增加劏房住戶受感染的風險呢？
- 室內通風：分間樓宇單位一般缺乏窗戶，而且物件因空間有限，需要向高處堆放，有機會阻隔主要通風口而導致室內通風較差[2]，加上居民的生活及走動空間有限，病毒較易在住客間傳播[3]。
- 廚廁共用：統計處2016年《中期人口統計主題性報告》指出， 約30%的分間樓宇單位居民需要共用廚房，而約5%居民則需要共用厠所[4]。共用的廁所或廚房衛生環境通常較差[5]，加上地方狹小難以保持社交隔離，病毒傳播的風險因此增加。
- 社會經濟地位：統計處同一報告指出，分間樓宇單位居民的平均每月收入較全港住戶低(分別為$13,500及$25,000)[4]，購買口罩和洗手液等個人防護用品會為他們帶來更大的負擔[6]。
- 被邊緣化的群體：分間樓宇單位居民多為被邊緣化的群體，如新移民、少數族裔或獨居老人等，由於語言不通或渠道不足，較難接觸到防疫資訊和社區支援等[7]。
面對較高的感染風險，分間樓宇單位居民如何在資源有限的情況下，好好保護自己呢？大家可以參考以下貼士：
1. 回家後：
- 入屋後第一件事: 先洗手!
洗手後，最理想是立即洗澡，但最少也要立刻換上清潔的衣服。
2. 處理U型聚水器和廁所
- 沖廁前蓋上廁板蓋
- 每星期一次或以上，在家中所有地台去水口位置注入兩大杯水
3. 如漂白水不足
- 使用普通清潔劑和肥皂，甚至只用清水，抹掉傢俬或地面上的塵埃和污垢，因「塵埃污垢」能令細菌容易積聚。
每次清潔完都要抹乾，並保持室內乾爽及空氣流通
4. 如「消毒殺菌」成份洗手液及酒精搓手液不足
5. 如口罩不足
- 經常洗手和減少手部觸摸公共物件
除了以上防疫貼士，分間樓宇單位居民在疫情持續下，面對家庭照顧和收入減少等壓力增加，有機會出現情緒困擾；早前有調查更指逾7成受訪劏房照顧者出現抑鬱情緒，甚至會有輕生念頭，社會大眾宜多關注[8] 。
參考資料：
[1] Centre for Health Protection (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Centre for Health Protection. Retrieved from [Retrieved 15 Sept 2020]
[2] Dawn, D., Sawicki, M., Wong, J. (2013) Subdivided Housing Issues of Hong Kong: Causes and Solutions: an Interactive Qualifying Project, p.11. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
[3] Lai, K. M., Lee, K. M., & Yu, W. (2016). Air and hygiene quality in crowded housing environments – a case study of subdivided units in Hong Kong. Indoor and Built Environment, 26(1), 32–43. doi:10.1177/1420326x15600042
[4] Thematic Report: Persons Living in Subdivided Units. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2016)
[5] 熱窩(住屋權報告書), Hong Kong People's Council on Housing Policy. 2000 [p. 25]
[6] Chui, C.H.K. & Ko, A. (2020) Converging humanitarian technology and social work in a public health crisis: a social innovation response to COVID-19 in Hong Kong, Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, DOI: 10.1080/02185385.2020.1790412
[7] Migrant workers in cramped Gulf dorms fear infection, The Economist, 23 April 2020 [Retrieved 15 Sept 2020]
[8] 調查指7成劏房照顧者因疫情感抑鬱 9成指經濟成壓力來源, Hong Kong Economic Times, 18th May 2020 [Retrieved 15 Sept 2020]
楊樂恩 Yeung, Tiffany Lok-yan
於London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 公共衛生碩士畢業，現為同所大學的博士學生。工作經驗包括災難防護培訓，研究和教育。
